“Made in Germany” – Produced in America? How Dual Vocational Training Programs Can Help Close the Skills Gap in the United States

Johann Fortwengel

Johann Fortwengel

Free University Berlin

Dr. Johann Fortwengel is a Postdoctoral Fellow at Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Management, and the University of South Carolina, International Business Department.

Issue Brief 47

Two of the strongest education systems and economies worldwide, the United States and Germany, have been among the key sources for models in skill formation emulated globally. Public and private investments in skill formation have increased in both countries. Yet these systems maintain contrasting emphases: general and academic education in the U.S. and specific vocational training, in particular occupations, in Germany. Both countries continue to learn from each other as they compete in global education and labor markets—and continue their extensive bilateral cooperation.


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The views expressed are those of the author(s) alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American-German Institute.